Justin Martyr (135-165 A.D.) For I have shown that Christ was proclaimed by the prophets in parables a Stone and a Rock.” Dialogue with Trypho the Jew ch.113 p.255

Irenaeus of Lyons (182-188 A.D.) “as also Paul says: ‘For they drank of the rock which followed them: and the rock was Christ.’” Irenaeus of Lyons Against Heresies book 4 ch.14.3 p.479

Tertullian (198-220 A.D.) says that Christ is the Rock. Tertullian On Baptism ch.9 p.672

Tertullian (207/208 A.D.) says that Paul says that the rock that followed the Israelites was Christ. Five Books Against Marcion book 3 ch.5 p.324

Origen (225-254 A.D.) “And they did all eat the same spiritual meat, and did all drink the same spiritual drink. For they drank of that spiritual Rock that followed them, and that Rock was Christ.” Origen Against Celsus book 4 ch.49 p.520

Cyprian of Carthage (c.246-258 A.D.) (partial says that Christ is the rock, but also indicates elsewhere that Peter is too.) “He shall lead them through the deserts, shall bring forth water for them out of the rock; the rock shall be cloven, and the water shall flow, and my people shall drink; which is fulfilled in the Gospel, when Christ, who is the Rock, is cloven by a stroke of the spear in His passion;” Letter 62 ch.8 p.360

X Cyprian of Carthage (c.246-258 A.D.) (implied) “Nevertheless, Peter, upon whom by the same Lord the Church had been built, speaking one of all, and answering with the voice of the Church, says, ‘Lord, to whom shall we go? Thou hast the words of eternal life;… Thou art the Christ, the Son of the living God” The Epistles of Cyprian letter 54 ch.7 p.341

Fortunatus of Tuccaboris at the Seventh Council of Carthage p.567 (partial) “Jesus Christ our Lord and God, Son of God the Father and Creator, built His Church upon a rock, not upon heresy; and gave the power of baptizing to bishops, not to heretics.

Victorinus of Petau (martyred 304 A.D.) “because Christ is the Rock by which, and on which, the Church is founded.” Commentary on the Apocalypse from the 21st and 22nd chapters p.360

After the Council of Ephesus I (431 A.D.)

The Catechism of the Catholic Church (1994) says the Christ is the stone in Part 1 552 p.141

-Po2. Only Peter is the rock/holds keys to heaven (2.5-1.5)

Matthew 16:18

http://oce.catholic.com/original-catholic-encyclopedia-index.php?p=P has a list of popes and articles about them.

X AGAINST Hippolytus bishop of Portus (225-235/6 A.D.) “The Holy Ghost shall come upon thee, and the power of the Highest shall overshadow thee.” By this Spirit Peter spake that blessed word, “Thou art the Christ, the Son of the living God.” By this Spirit the rock of the Church was stablished. This is the Spirit, the Comforter, that is sent because of thee, that He may show thee to be the Son of God.” Discourse on the Holy Theophany ch.9 p.237

Origen (225-254 A.D.) “mentions Peter, on whom the Church of Christ is built, against which the gates of hell shall not prevail, left only one epistle of acknowledged genuineness. Suppose we allow that he left a second; for this is doubtful.” Commentary on John from the Fifth book ch.3 p.346

X AGAINST Origen (246-248 A.D.) “But if you suppose that upon that one Peter only the whole church is built by God, what would you say about John the son of thunder or each one of the Apostles? Shall we otherwise dare to say, that against Peter in particular the gates of Hades shall not prevail, but that they shall prevail against the other Apostles and the perfect? Does not the saying previously made, “The gates of Hades shall not prevail against it,” hold in regard to all and in the case of each of them? And also the saying, “Upon this rock I will build My church”? Are the keys of the kingdom of heaven given by the Lord to Peter only, and will no other of the blessed receive them? But if this promise, “I will give unto thee the keys of the kingdom of heaven,” be common to the others, how shall not all the things previously spoken of, and the things which are subjoined as having been addressed to Peter, be common to them? For in this place these words seem to be addressed as to Peter only, “Whatsoever thou shalt bind on earth shall be bound in heaven,” etc; but in the Gospel of John the Saviour having given the Holy Spirit unto the disciples by breathing upon them said, “Receive ye the Holy Spirit,” etc. Many then will say to the Saviour, “Thou art the Christ, the Son of the living God; “but not all who say this will say it to Him, as not at all having learned it by the revelation of flesh and blood but by the Father in heaven Himself taking away the veil that lay upon their heart, in order that after this “with unveiled face reflecting as a mirror the glory of the Lord” they may speak through the Spirit of God saying concerning Him, “Lord Jesus,” and to Him, “Thou art the Christ, the Son of the living God.” And if any one says this to Him, not by flesh and blood revealing it unto Him but through the Father in heaven, he will obtain the things that were spoken according to the letter of the Gospel to that Peter, but, as the spirit of the Gospel teaches, to every one who becomes such as that Peter was. For all bear the surname of “rock” who are the imitators of Christ, that is, of the spiritual rock which followed those who are being saved, that they may drink from it the spiritual draught. But these bear the surname of the rock just as Christ does. But also as members of Christ deriving their surname from Him they are called Christians, and from the rock, Peters. And taking occasion from these things you will say that the righteous bear the surname of Christ who is Righteousness, and the wise of Christ who is Wisdom. And so in regard to all His other names, you will apply them by way of surname to the saints; and to all such the saying of the Saviour might be spoken, ‘Thou art Peter,’ etc., down to the words, ‘prevail against it.’ But what is the ‘it’? Is it the rock upon which Christ builds the church, or is it the church? For the phrase is ambiguous. Or is it as if the rock and the church were one and the same? This I think to be true; for neither against the rock on which Christ builds the church, nor against the church will the gates of Hades prevail; just as the way of a serpent upon a rock, according to what is written in the Proverbs, cannot be found. Now, if the gates of Hades prevail against any one, such an one cannot be a rock upon which Christ builds the church, nor the church built by Jesus upon the rock; for the rock is inaccessible to the serpent, and it is stronger than the gates of Hades which are opposing it, so that because of its strength the gates of Hades do not prevail against it; but the church, as a building of Christ who built His own house wisely upon the rock, is incapable of admitting the gates of Hades which prevail against every man who is outside the rock and the church, but have no power against it.

Origen continues: But when we have understood how each of the sins through which there is a way to Hades is a gate of Hades, we shall apprehend that the soul, which has “spot or wrinkle or any such thing,” and because of wickedness is neither holy nor blameless, is neither a rock upon which Christ builds, nor a church, nor part of a church which Christ builds upon the rock.” Origen’s Commentary on Matthew book 12 ch.11-13 p.456-458

Cyprian of Carthage (c.246-258 A.D.) Letter 26.1 p.305. apostolic succession. Peter … upon this rock, keys.

Cyprian of Carthage (c.246-258 A.D.) “For first of all the Lord gave that power to Peter, upon whom He built the Church, and whence He appointed and showed the source of unity-the power, namely, that whatsoever he loosed on earth should be loosed in heaven. And after the resurrection, also, He speaks to the apostles, saying, ‘As the Father hath sent me, even so I send you. And when He had said this, He breathed on them, and saith, unto them, Receive ye the Holy Ghost: whosesoever sins ye remit, they are remitted unto them; and whosesoever sins ye retain, they are retained.’” Epistles of Cyprian Letter 72 ch.7 p.381

Phileas of Thmuis (beheaded 306/307 A.D.) (Implied) mentions “Peter, on whom we all depend in the hope which we have in the Lord Jesus Christ” Letter of Phileas to Meletius of Lycopolis vol.6 p.164

From the Council of Nicea I until the Council of Ephesus I (325-431 A.D.)

Orosius of Braga (414-418 A.D.) said that Peter was the rock upon which Christ founded the church. Defense Against the Pelagians ch.27 p.153

From the Council of Ephesus I to the start of Muslim conquests (431-634 A.D.)

Council of Chalcedon (451 A.D.) (partial) says that Peter is the rock and foundation of the Catholic Church Session 3 p.255

After the Start of Muslim Conquests (634 A.D.)

The Catechism of the Catholic Church (1994) quotes Matthew 16:18 about Peter. Part 1 551-552 p.141-142

-Po3. Roman Pope (1-1) (Catholics except for Sedevacantists)

Before 325 A.D.

X Cyprian of Carthage (358 A.D.) “For neither does any of us set himself up as a bishop of bishops, nor by tyrannical terror does any compel his colleague to the necessity of obedience; since every bishop, according to the allowance of his liberty and power, has his own proper right of judgment, and can no more be judged by another than he himself can judge another. But let us all wait for the judgment of our Lord Jesus Christ, who is the only one that has the power both of preferring us in the government of His Church, and of judging us in our conduct there.”

Letter of the Council of Arles I to Pope Silvester (Aug. 314 A.D.) p.389 mentions Pope Silvester [of Rome] and the one mother church.” Seventh Council of Carthage Proemium by Cyprian.

From the Council of Nicea I until the Council of Ephesus I (325-431 A.D.)

Ursacius and Valens (347 A.D.) it is said wrote a letter to Julius bishop of Rome. These two bishops, who caused trouble for Athanasius, addressed the letter as “Ursacius and Valens to the most blessed lord, pope Julius [of Rome] asking for forgiveness. Defence Against the Arians ch.58 p.130

Pope Siricius of Rome (384-399) was the first Roman bishop to use the term “Pope” for himself. He did this Feb 10, 385 in a letter answering the latter of bishop Himerius of Tarragona.

Pope Siricius of Rome (384/385-398/399). One of his earliest acts was to issue the first Papal Decretal that has any claim to genuineness, though he speaks in it of earlier decreta sent to the provinces by pope Liberius. It is dated Feb. 11, 385. Its genuineness is undisputed. It is plainly referred to by pope Innocent I. (Ep. vi. ad Exsuperium ). Quesnel includes it without hesitation in his Cod. Rom. cum Leone edit. c. 29. Its occasion was a letter from Himerius, bp. of Tarragona in Spain, addressed to Damasus but received by Siricius, asking the pope’s advice on matters of discipline and with regard to abuses prevalent in the Spanish church. Siricius, having taken counsel in a Roman synod, issued this decretal in reply, to be communicated by Himerius to all bishops of Spain and neighbouring provinces with a view to universal observance. The opportunity was taken of asserting in very decided terms the authority of the Roman see: “We bear the burdens of all who are heavy laden; nay, rather the blessed apostle Peter bears them in us, who, as we trust, in all things protects and guards us, the heirs of his administration.” Among the rules thus promulgated for universal observance, one relates to the rebaptizing of Arians returning to the church, and another to clerical celibacy, which is insisted on. Thus what the oecumenical council had refused to require Siricius now, on the authority of the apostolic see, declared of general obligation. The rule laid down by him affected, however, only the higher clerical orders, not including subdeacons, to whom it was extended by Leo I. (c. 442. See Epp. xiv. 4; cxlvii. 3), in Sicily, by pope Gregory the Great (Greg. Epp. lib. i. Ind. ix., Ep. 42). Quoted from https://www.ccel.org/ccel/wace/biodict.html?term=Siricius,%20bp.%20of%20Rome

X Lorenzo Valla (1440) proved to all that the false decretal, The Donation of Constantine was a fraud.

The Catechism of the Catholic Church (1994) mentions the Pope. Part 1 101 p.30

-Po4. Popes in other cities too (1-0)

Heraclas of Alexandria (232-249 A.D.) was the first to be called a pope according to written records. He was the bishop of Alexandria, not Rome, and Coptics still have a Pope today.

From the Council of Nicea I until the Council of Ephesus I (325-431 A.D.)

Constantine (after 347 A.D.) wrote a letter to Pope Athanasius [of Alexandria] in Defence Against the Arians ch.64 p.133

Alexander of Alexandria (after 347 A.D.) wrote a letter to Pope Athanasius [of Alexandria] in Defence Against the Arians ch.67-68 p.135 and ch.69 p.136.

Athanasius (after 339 A.D.) (implied) “Now if you really believe that all Bishops have the same and equal authority, and you do not, as you assert, account of them according to the magnitude of their cities;” Defence Against the Arians ch.2.25 p.115.

-Po5. Papal succession of the Pope of Rome (1-1)

Apostolic succession of cities is not included here.

Is it theoretically possible for anything to break papal succession, or is it non-falsifiable? “Papal succession” has been achieved by bribery, later saying a pope was not the real pope, multiple popes at the same time, assassination, and deposing the previous pope. There was no pope for two years and nine months. There was an eighty-year period where the ruling popes were in Avignon, puppets of the French kings. Popes have been tried, deposed, or killed for heresy, moral degeneracy, or killing previous popes.

Robert A. Sungenis in Not by Scripture Alone p.291 mistakenly thinks this is in Scripture. He says, “Granted, statement from Scripture lead Catholics to agree that the apostles were numerically confined to twelve men, but Scripture also teaches that the authoritative ‘office’ is transferred to the successive leaders of the Church. Among the many evidences, we will cite one. In Acts 1:20…” Later on he also brings up that Paul and Timothy appointed bishops. However, the Roman Catholic Church does not have twelve simultaneous top leaders, and Peter recognized that there would be another alongside him and the ten others (which turned out to be Paul), does Not teach papal succession.

Stephen of Rome according to Firmilian of Caesarea (256 A.D.) said to Cyprian that Stephen of Rome thought that he was superior and that Stephen, “announces that he holds by succession the throne of Peter” Stephen was “betraying and deserting unity.” Epistles of Cyprian Epistle 74 ch.17 p.394. Firmilian compares Stephen to Judas in ibid ch.2 p.390.

X Novatian (250/4-256/7 A.D.) started a schism that separated from Rome.

From the Council of Nicea I until the Council of Ephesus I (325-431 A.D.)

Council of Constantinople II (553 A.D.) (partial) mentions the Pope of Rome. There was a pope in Alexandria too. Session 1 p.302

Zephyrinus (199-217 A.D.) Sabellian and supported Sabellians, per Hippolytus of Portus

Callistus I (218-222 A.D.) Sabellian and supported Sabellians, falsifying the truth, per Caius and Hippolytus

Zosimus (417-418 A.D.) was opposed by Augustine for supporting Pelagius. Zosimus backtracked and said that he had settled nothing definitely.

X Pope Formosus’s (891-896 A.D.) body was exhumed, and he put on trial at the Cadaver’s Synod (Synodus Horrenda) in 898 and convicted as a heretic by Pope Stephen VI (VII) (896-897). Four fingers of Pope Formosus’ hand were cut off.

However, people were angered that in 897 Pope Stephen VII was deposed and imprisoned, and then strangled to death, and when Stephen’s former supporters elected a new pope, Cardinal Sergius, Sergius was chased out of Rome, and Romanus became pope instead. In the next twelve months there were four other popes. After this Cardinal Sergius returned with an army, Pope Leo V was killed (in 903), and Sergius became Pope Sergius III (904-911). (WRB p.102)

Pope Theodore II (Dec. 897) a friend of Pope Formosus, convened a synod of bishops that reversed the Cadaver Synod. After 20 days in office, Pope Theodore II died. The 898 Synod at Ravenna ordered that the records of the Cadaver Synod should be burned.

X Pope Sergius III (904-911) murdered Pope Leo V and Cardinal Christopher. Marozia was his mistress. He allegedly fathered Pope John XI. Sergius III had the corpse of Pope Formosus exhumed again, and he cut off his head as well as three more fingers.

John XI (931-935) his mother was Marozia, who was overthrown in 932.

John XII (955-964) his mother was the prostitute Theodora, Marozia’s sister

Benedict IX (1032-1044,1045,1047-1048) sexual immorality. He sold the papacy and abdicated.

Gregory VII (1073-1085) Failed in trying to start a crusade in northeastern Europe

Innocent III (1198-1216) made possible the future Papal States. He condemned the English Magna Carta.

X No Pope (Nov 29, 1268 to Sept. 1, 1271) for two years, nine months, and two days after Pope Clement IV died until Pope Gregory X was elected on September 1, 1271.

X Pope Eugene IV was deposed in 1439.

Pope Alexander VI (1492-1503) (Rodrigo Borgia), according to the diaries of John Burchard he was elected with only five votes that were not bought. (WRB p.103). He died of poisoning. It was rumored that he was having dinner with a Cardinal, and the Cardinal suspected that the pope would try to poison him, so he switched wine glasses.

Listing of at least 46 Bad Popes (1154-1285)

Adrian IV (1154-1159) papal bull letting the English king invade Ireland

Gregory IX (1227-1241) crusade against the Holy Roman Empire. Started the Inquisition in Languedoc, France. Endorsed the Crusades in northeastern Europe. In 1239 ordered raiding all synagogues to confiscate all Jewish Talmuds.

Innocent IV (1243-1254) 1254 gave the bull Super Extirpatione. (= ad extirpanda) authorizing torture for the inquisition. He tried to have Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II murdered. He used inquisitors and sold indulgences.

John XXI (1276-1277) was guilty of nepotism

Innocent V (1276-1276) was guilty of nepotism

Adrian V (1276-1276) Nephew of Innocent IV.

John XXI (1276-1277) was guilty of nepotism

Nicholas III (1277-1280) was guilty of nepotism

Martin IV (1281-1285) was guilty of nepotism

Part of the Papal Bull Ad Extirpanda

Law 24. The head of state and ruler of whatever kind are especially obliged to present all male and female heretics, under whatever name they are accused, within fifteen days after their arrest, to the Diocesan or his surrogate, or to the inquisitors of heresy, to perform the examination of themselves and their heresies. Law 24. Those convicted of heresy by the aforesaid Diocesan Bishop, surrogate or inquisitors, shall be taken in shackles to the head of state or ruler or his special representative, instantly, or at least within five days, and the latter shall apply the regulations promulgated against such persons.

Law 25. 26. The head of state or ruler must force all the heretics whom he has in custody, provided he does so without killing them or breaking their arms or legs, as actual robbers and murderers of souls and thieves of the sacraments of God and Christian faith, to confess their errors and accuse other heretics whom they know, and specify their motives, and those whom they have seduced, and those who have lodged them and defended them, as thieves and robbers of material goods are made to accuse their accomplices and confess the crimes they have committed.

Law 26. 27. And the house, in which a male or female heretic shall be discovered, shall be levelled with the ground, never to be rebuilt; unless it is the master of the house who shall have arranged the discovery of the heretics. And if the master of the house owns other houses in the same neighborhood, all of the other houses shall in like manner be destroyed, and the goods that shall be found in the house and the others related to it shall be dispersed to the populace, and shall belong to whoever carries them off, unless the removers shall be appointed by law. Above all, the master of the house, besides incurring eternal infamy, must pay the government or locality fifty pounds Imperial in coin; if unable to pay, he shall suffer life imprisonment. The borough where the heretics are arrested or discovered shall pay the government of the state a hundred pounds; and a manor shall pay fifty, and the regions adjoining manors and states, fifty.

Law 27. 28. Whoever shall be caught giving any male or female heretic counsel, help, or favor, besides the other punishments mentioned duly in their logical places in other passages of this decree, shall become infamous by that same law, and shall be admitted neither to public office, nor public affairs, nor the election of persons to these, nor may he testify in a legal process; to that extent shall his incapacity to testify go, that he shall neither bequeath legacies to heirs nor inherit them himself. No one shall be compelled to respond to any business dealings initiated by him but he shall be so compelled by others. If he be by chance a judge, his sentence shall prove nothing, nor shall he hear any case. If he be an attorney, his defence in court will never be allowed to prevail. If he be a notary, the legal documents drawn up by him shall be utterly without validity. Those who give ear to the false doctrines of heretics shall be punished like heretics.

Listing of at least 46 Bad Popes (1285-1455)

Honorius IV (1285-1287) was guilty of nepotism

Nicholas IV (1288-1292) was guilty of nepotism

Celestine V (1294-1294 or 1296-1296) Nearly all of his official acts were nullified by his successor, the ruthless Boniface VIII. Celestine was murdered after resigning. Boniface ordered a crusade against the Colonna family.

Boniface VIII (1294-1303) involved in many wars. He wrote the Unum Sanctum. He died of “chagrin” shortly after his imprisonment.

(A good thing) Benedict XI (1303-1304) reversed Boniface VIII's 1302 papal bull Unam Sanctam.

Clement V (1305-1314) tried Boniface VIII for heresy and sodomy.

John XXII (1316-1334) was guilty of nepotism

Urban VI (1378-1389) said he did not hear enough screaming when some were tortured

Boniface IX (1350-1404) Because wars were becoming more expensive, the Vatican was extremely strapped for cash. So the pope sold clerical benefices to the highest bidder; at times voiding one sale when a higher offer came in.

Martin V (1417-1431) was nice to Jews but he started a Crusade against the Wycliffites

Nicholas V (1447-1455) 1452 bull Dum Diversas and 1455 bull Romanus Pontifex authorized capturing slaves, but only of non-Christians

Listing of at least 46 Bad Popes (1471-1644)

Sixtus IV (1471-1484) promoted the immaculate conception of Mary along with selling church positions for money. Sixtus IV was guilty of nepotism: he made three nephews, one grandnephew, and one other relative cardinals. Papal bull Exigit Sincerae Devotionis Affectus to spread the Spanish Inquisition to Castille. He had the Venetians attack the city of Ferrara, for a nephew. Sold offices and privileges for money. Sixtus IV promoted the immaculate conception of Mary. He confirmed Nicholas V’s bulls for Portuguese to enslave non-Christians.

Innocent VIII (1484-1492) Appointed Torquemada as an inquisitor. Endorsed burning witches in the papal bull Summis desiderantes affectibus (1484)

Alexander VI (1492-1503) nepotism. Made 25,000 ducats by allowing the king of Hungary to divorce his wife. Allowed Charles VIII of France to marry someone betrothed to another because France was more useful to the papacy.

Julius II (1504-1513) was called “The Warring Pope”; he looted Italian cities. A 1511 church council suspended Julius II, but the council was just ignored.

Leo X (1513-1521) was a spendthrift who almost made the Vatican go broke. Leo granted indulgences to donors to rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica. Excommunicated Martin Luther. Expanded the Spanish Inquisition into Portugal

Clement VII (1523-1534) politics with France, Spain, and Germany. He indicated he would support Henry VIII’s annulment, and then forbade it, despite other kings getting around marriage laws.

Paul IV (1555-1559) Made Jews in Rome wear distinctive clothing and live in a ghetto. Set up the Roman inquisition. Opposed any dialogue with Protestants.

Pius IV (1559-1565) Rebuked to his face by Pope Pius V for Nepotism. When he wanted to make a 13-year old relative a cardinal. He let the laity have the communion cup in Austria and Bohemia

Urban XIII (1623-1644) was pope when Galileo was tried for heresy. Urban XIII was the last pope to expand the papal states using papal armies.

Listing of at least 46 Bad Popes (1700-2000)

Clement XI (1700-1721) papal bull Unigenitus in 1713. (see below)

Leo XII (1823-1829) condemned Bible societies

Pius IX (1846-1848) persecuted Jews. 1864 Syllabus of Errors against separation of church and state. Catholicism should be the state religion in lands with a majority of Catholics. Against Bible societies and for the Papal States.

Pius X (1903-1914) had informants to hunt out heretics in the Catholic church. Garry Wills p.208-209 calls the pontificate the reign of terror. Many governments cut off government funds to the Catholic Church because Pius X would not recognize them because they recognized Italy, and Italy took over the papal states. In 1906 he write the Vehementer nos condemning the 1905 French law separating church and state. He at first banned tango dancing. He opposed trade unions that were not Catholic only. Pius X refused to meet with U.S officials because they had also met with Methodist officials. His 1905 catechism taught limbo. The papal directive motu proprio banned women from singing in church choirs.

Pius XI (1922-1939) anti-Semitic. Said the state should not be totalitarian, it should be the Catholic Church

Pius XII (1939-1958) failed to speak out against the Holocaust until after WWII ended, and then lied about speaking on it. Gary Wells, Why I am a Catholic p.3.

The Catechism of the Catholic Church (1994) mentions papal succession. Part 1 882 p.234; part 1 892 p.236

-Po6. Pope only infallible interpreter of Scripture (0)

No writers prior to Nicea I (325 A.D.).

No salvation outside of the Catholic Church: Pope Innocent III (Dec 18, 1208) “By the heart we believe and by the mouth we confess the one Church, not of heretics but the Holy Roman, Catholic, and Apostolic (Church) outside which we believe that no one is saved.” (Denzinger p.166,177 quoted in Romanism p.202)

No salvation outside of the Catholic Church: Boniface VIII (Nov 1302 Bull Unam Sanctum) “With Faith urging us we are forced to believe and to hold the one, holy, Catholic Church and that, apostolic, and we firmly believe and simply confess this (Church) outside which there is no salvation nor remission of sin.” (Denzinger p.186. Quoted in Romanism p.203)

Salvation outside of the Catholic Church: “It follows that the separated Churches and communities as such, though we believe they suffer from the defects already mentioned, have been by no means deprived of significance and importance in the mystery of salvation. For the Spirit of Christ has not refrained from using them as means of salvation which derive their efficacy from the very fullness of grace and truth entrusted to the Catholic church.” Vatican Council II, Volume II p.456

Salvation outside of the Catholic Church : “For men who believe in Christ and have been properly baptized are put in some, though imperfect, communion with the Catholic Church. … But even in spite of them [the differences] it remains true that all who have been justified by faith in baptism are incorporated into Christ; they therefore have a right to be called Christians, and with good reason are accepted as brothers by the children of the Catholic Church.” Vatican Council II vol.2 p.455

Salvation outside of the Catholic Church: Vatican II “There are finally those who have not yet received the Gospel; they too are ordained in various ways to the People of God… The plan of salvation includes those also who acknowledge the Creator; foremost among these are the Muslims: they profess fidelity to the faith of Abraham and, with us, adore the one and merciful God who will judge mankind on the last day.”

Salvation outside of the Catholic Church: Pope John Paul II “Does it not sometimes happen that the firm belief of the followers of the non-Christian religions – a belief that is also an effect of the spirit of truth operating outside the visible confines of the Mystical Body – can make Christians ashamed at often being themselves so disposed to doubt concerning the truths revealed by God and proclaimed by the Church and so prone to relax moral principles and open the way to ethical permissiveness?” Neuner and Dupuis p.300

X The Fourth Lateran Council (1215 A.D.) officially established the seven Roman Catholic sacraments and transubstantiation.

X Marsilis of Padua (1324 A.D.) said that Scripture was our authority not the Pope, and that Jesus did not say the church had any temporal power. Defensor Pacis

X Waldenses (1176-)

X John Wycliffe (c.1378 A.D.) and the Lollards spoke against the Catholic Church. Wycliffe and the Lollards said that we were under the authority of scripture; thus religious or political leaders who were not following God should have no authority over us.

X Martin Luther (1519-1521 A.D.) at the Diet of Worms had the cry of sola scriptura as opposed to the Popes and church councils.

X Swiss Anabaptists (1525-) Conrad Grebel, Felix Manx, George Blaurock and others.

X Menno Simons (1536-) peaceful northern German Anabaptist, Mennonites

X John Calvin (1530-1564)

The Catechism of the Catholic Church (1994) discusses how the pope, speaking officially, is infallible on matters of faith and morals. Part 1 890-891 p.235-236

-Po7. Popes’ two (or four) ex Cathedra statements are infallible (0)

No writers prior to Nicea I (325 A.D.).

Pope Lucius III (1184) at Verona issued a bull of excommunication against the Waldenses. Princes are to be excommunicated if they don’t carry this out.

A Roman Catholic crusade against the Waldenses started in 1100 A.D..

Pope Innocent VIII (1487-1545) much later also ordered a crusade to exterminate the Waldenses.

Pope Urban II and the Council of Clermont (1095) officially taught this, but this was not a papal bull. taught that those who died while fighting, or traveling to fight, in the First Crusade, will receive “remission of sins” according to the historian Fulcher of Chartres, i.e. skip Purgatory. Another source, Robert the Monk wrote the Urban II said that anyone who goes on the crusade will receive the remission. So they are similar. Later, Urban II wrote, “you should also know that if any among you travel, not for the desire of the goods of this world, but only those who go for the good of their souls and the liberty of the churches, they will be relieved of the penance for all their sins, for which they have made a full and perfect confession.” See https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/76jtys/i_gather_that_papal_indulgences_were_first_issued/ for more info.

Pope Eugenius III (Dec. 1, 1145) issued the papal bull Quantum praedecessores promising remission of sins for all who completed the Second Crusade or died along the way. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_praedecessores for more info.

Papal infallibility is a rather curious doctrine. Traditionally, throughout almost all of Catholic history, Catholics have known that the popes were not infallible on anything. Papal infallibility was only a doctrine under Pope Pius IX in 1850. It was limited to statements made “ex Cathedra”, only concerning faith or morals, and intended for the whole church. Many might think this refers to statements of popes in general. However, they would not know their own traditions. Pope Formosus (891-896) had his body dug up, and he was put on trial at the Cadaver’s Synod (Synodus Horrenda) in 898 A.D. and convicted as a heretic by Pope Stephen VI (VII) (896-897 A.D.). Pope Benedict XI (1303-1304) reversed Boniface VIII’s 1302 papal bull Unam Sanctum.

So if someone claims papal bulls or other statements are “ex-cathedra” just by implication, they have been contradicted by other popes. A Catholic answer would be that even though they were official papal bulls, they were never actually declared to be ex- Cathedra in the first place. But in fact, only two doctrines have been declared to be ex-Cathedra: the Immaculate Conception (Mary was born without original sin), and the bodily assumption of Mary into Heaven. So one could say that papal infallibility in fact NOT affirmed by the Roman Catholic church so far, except for these two statements.

Most Catholics theologians will agree there are only two ex-Cathedra statements. However, Catholic apologist Tim Staples says there are four. The two additional ones are Pope Bniface VIII’s papal bull Umam Sanctum in 1302, and Pope Leo’s letter to Flavian which was approved by the Council of Chalcedon in 451 A.D. However Pope Benedict XI reversed the Unam Sanctum bull of Pope Boniface VIII, so Tim Staples is at variance with Pope Benedict XI here.

“We have no right to ask reasons of the Church, any more than of Almighty God, as a preliminary to our submission. We are to take with unquestioning docility whatever instruction the Church gives. Catholic World August 1871 p.598. Quoted by Bart Brewer in DC p.212 For popes, Brewer assumed whatever the councils and pope give; he totally forgot the “only two ex-Cathedra statements” part.

-Po8. Pope is Pontifex Maximus or His Holiness (0)

Pontifex Maximus was a title of the chief pagan priest in ancient Rome as far back as c.715 B.C. It was an important position, and gradually the Roman Emperors, starting with Julius Caesar assumed the title for themselves. However, c.382 A.D. the Roman Emperor Gratian, a Christian renounced that title because it was for a priest to pagan idols. Starting around the 1400’s the Popes starting calling themselves by this title. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifex_maximus for more info.

From the Council of Nicea I until the Council of Ephesus I (325-431 A.D.)

X Jerome of Stridon (-420 A.D.) “Wherever a bishop may be, whether at Rome or at Eububium, at Constantinople or at Rhegium, at Alexandria or at Thanis, he is of the same worth, and of the same priesthood; the force of wealth and lowliness of poverty do not render a bishop higher or lower; for all of them are the successors of the apostles.” Epistles of Jerome Letter 146 ch.1 p.289

X Gregory I of Rome (540-604 A.D.) “Now I confidently say that whosoever calls himself, or desires to be called, Universal Priest, is in his elation the precursor of Antichrist, because he proudly puts himself above all others.” Epistles of Gregory the Great Letter 33 NPNF2 vol.12 p.225. The context of this is interesting. According to Epistles of Gregory the Great Letter 20 NPNF2 vol.12 p.170, Gergory was speaking out against the bishop of Constantinople calling himself universal bishop.

-Po9. Kiss the Pope’s ring (0)

No writers prior to Nicea I (325 A.D.).

Today

Roman Catholics would kiss the pope’s ring.

-Po10. Pope opens a special door once every 25 years (0)

God does not say this in His word, the Bible. This is not Biblical, nor Anti-biblical. Rather it is extra-Biblical.

No writers prior to Nicea I (325 A.D.).

Di26. Bishop of Rome has officially been wrong (4-0)

X Pope Pius IX (1846-1878) defined the immaculate conception of Mary and papal infallibility. Before this time, papal infallibility was not a dogma, especially since two popes had been tried and convicted of heresy.

Roman Catholic Robert A Sungenis admits that even Peter has not been infallible [though not in official acts or writings]. Not by Scripture Alone p.85 He mentions Pope Victor and the Quartodecimians. Sungenis also said that Pope Liberius was wrong to excommunicate Athanasius of Alexandria. Not by Scripture Alone p.85

Sungenis reminds us that Pope Paul III went through Rome in sackcloth and ashes for the sins of his predecessor. Sungenis says that “Luther was right about Tetzel and his abuses. Somebody clearly was not minding the store in the offices of the Church. Discipline was slack. Reform was necessary. Rome acknowledges this.” Not by Scripture Alone p.34

According to Roman Catholic Philip Blosser, the judgment of Pope Urban VIII against Galileo’s view of the earth orbiting the sun was not dogmatic. Blosser goes on give five other examples to admit that the Popes are fallible in their private judgments and even public pronouncements and acts. Not by Scripture Alone p.85.

So then what does the Pope say that is infallible? Many Catholics would only what the Pope says “ex-Cathedra” and the “papal infallibility” only extends to five to seven or so ex-cathedra statements that popes have made.

Caius (190-217 A.D.) ch.2.1 p.601 “For they say that all those of the first age, and the apostles themselves, both received and taught those things which these men now maintain; and that the truth of Gospel preaching was preserved until the times of Victor, who was the thirteenth bishop in Rome from Peter, and that from his successor Zephyrinus the truth was falsified.” Roman Catholic Philip Blosser also agrees that Pope Victor was wrong here to excommunicate the churches in Asia Minor. Not by Scripture Alone p.85

Tertullian (200-220 A.D.) (Implied) later in life joined the Montanists (also called Cataphrygians). While they never said the regular church was wrong per se, they had their own “denomination” and the regular church chastised them.

Hippolytus of Portus (222-235/236 A.D.) rebuked the bishop of Rome for considering excommunicating the Quartodecimians. The only difference between Quartodecimians and other Christians was that the Quartodecimians celebrate Easter on a different day.

Novatian (250/4-256/7 A.D.) (Implied) started his own denomination, a schism called Novatianists. The only difference between them and regular Christians is that Novatianists taught that Christians who under threat of persecution sacrificed to the emperor (or any pagan god) lost their salvation and could never regain it.

From the Council of Nicea I until the Council of Ephesus I (325-431 A.D.)

Bishop Liberius of Rome (352 A.D.) at first was against the Arians, but later changed and excommunicated Athanasius, and agreed to the Arian creed at the Third Council of Sirmium. Roman Catholic Philip Blosser also agrees that Pope Liberius was wrong to excommunicate Athanasius. Not by Scripture Alone p.85

366 A.D. Ursinus and Damasus (366-384 A.D.) were both elected bishops of Rome. Violent clashes ensured, and with the support of the Emperor’s troops 137 supporters of Ursinus were killed, and Damasus won out.

Pope Siricius (384-399 A.D.) was the first to use the term “Pope”.

Pope Silverius (-537 A.D.) was deposed, imprisoned, and died of starvation through the efforts of Empress Theodora and the next Pope Vigilius.

Pope Gifilius (537-555 A.D.) was also deposed and imprisoned.

Pope Pelagius I (556-561 A.D.) was an unworthy pope appointed by the Emperor

Pope Honorius (626 A.D.) was condemned by the Council of Constantinople as a heretic, because he was a Eutychian, who taught there was only one nature of Christ.

From the Start of Muslim Conquests to the Fourth Lateran Council (634-1215 A.D.)

Pope John VIII (872-Dec 15 882 A.D.) assassinated

X Pope Formosus’s (891-896 A.D.) body was exhumed, and he put on trial as a heretic at the Cadaver’s Synod (Synodus Horrenda) in 898 and convicted as a heretic by Pope Stephen VI (VII) (896-897). Four fingers of Pope Formosus’ hand were cut off. However, people were angered that in 897 Pope Stephen VII was deposed and imprisoned, and then strangled to death, and when Stephen’s former supporters elected a new pope, Cardinal Sergius, Sergius was chased out of Rome, and Romanus became pope instead. In the next twelve months there were four other popes. After this Cardinal Sergius returned with an army, Pope Leo V was killed (in 903), and Sergius became Pope Sergius III (904-911). (WRB p.102)

Pope Stephen VI (896-897 A.D.) was deposed, imprisoned, and strangled in prison

Pope Sergius III (904 - Apr 14, 911 A.D.) made love to the 15-year old Marozia, daughter of Theodora. Their son became Pope John XI (931-935).

Pope John X (914-928 A.D.) lover of Theodora. After Theodora died, Theodora’s daughter Marozia had him suffocated. I don’t think God’s choice of papal succession was done by prostitutes. Do you?

Pope John XII (955-964 A.D.) an 18-year old pope who was said to have died from excessively making love.

Pope Benedict VI (973-974 A.D.) was smothered

Pope John XIV (983-984 A.D.) killed in the Castel Sant’Angelo.

Pope Benedict V (964 A.D.) was deposed. (Some would question his legitimacy)

Bope Benedict IX (1032-1044 A.D.) abdicated being pope for money. He was pope against in 1045 to depose the pope after him. He reigned for one month and then left after selling the papacy again. (perhaps 1,450 pounds of gold). 1047-1048 became Pope again, until Poppo of Brixen forced him out. Poppo became the next pope, Pope Damasus II.

Pope Lucius III (1184 A.D.) at Verona issued a bull of excommunication against the Waldenses. Princes are to be excommunicated if they don’t carry this out.

Pope Innocent III (1209 A.D.) proclaimed a crusade against the Albigenses and Bogomils.

From the Fourth Lateran Council on (1215 A.D.)

Gregory IX (1127-1241) Excommunicamus et anathametisamus says to burn heretics.

Pope Innocent IV (1252) issues a bull the all princes should enforce all penalties against heretics within 5 days, or risk being excommunicated themselves.

Pope Innocent IV (1254) issues a bull Ad extirpanda including the bloody laws of Emperor Frederick II.

John XXII (1316-1334) ordered 114 Franciscans executed for teaching that Jesus lived a life of poverty.

Pope Clement VI (1342-1352) while a Cardinal, ordered the slaughter of the entire Italian town of Cesena.

Pope Innocent VIII (1487) issues a crusade against the Valdenses. He promised remission of sins to everyone who should slay a heretic. (WRB p.257)

Pope Innocent VIII (1484) in his papal Bull Summis desiderantes affectibus, “Men and women straying from the Catholic faith have abandoned themselves to devils, incubi and succubi [male and female demonic sexual partners], and by their incantations, spells, conjurations … have slain infants yet in the mother’s womb, as also the offspring of cattle, have blasted the produce of the earth….” Vicars of Christ : The Dark Side of the Papacy by Peter De Rosa p.182-183

Pope Eugenius IV (1431-1437 issued a papal bull ordering the confiscation of any Italian Jew reading Talmudic literature

Pope Eugenius IV (1431-1447) said that Jews should not be eligible for public office, inherit property from Christians, and cannot build any more synagogues. (This was not ex cathedra though)

John VIII was murdered

Pope Boniface VIII (1298) ordered the town of Palestrina sacked.

Pope (anti-Pope) John XXIII was condemned as a heretic by the Council of Constance for denying the immortality of the soul. (Pope John XXIII 1958-1963 is a different person.)

Pope Nicholas V (1452,1455) authorized enslaving non-Christians in papal bulls Dum Diversas and Romanus Pontifex.

Pope Gregory XIII struck a medal commemorating the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacred. Philip Blosser also agrees that Pope Gregory XIII was wrong to do so. Not by Scripture Alone p.85

Pope Paul III (1542) gave the existing inquisition permanent status was the first of Rome’s Sacred Congregations. (WRB p.261)

Pope Pius V (1566-1572) tortured people himself as a former inquisitor. He was later declared a saint by Pope Clement XI on May 22, 1712. The feast day for this “saint who tortured” is April 30.

For more see (Woman Rides the Beast (=WRB) p.268)

Spurious writing

It is claimed that Pope Leo XII condemned all vaccination as “against God’s natural law”. While he did reverse mandatory smallpox vaccination in the papal states, making it optional, there is no record that he said that as pope, though we don’t know what all he said as cardinal. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_XII states on vaccination: “More recent scholarship has been unable to find any ban or any suggestion of a ban by Leo XII and his administration. Donald J. Keefe^[21] traced a quote by Leo XII which strongly condemned vaccination to "an unverified citation" by Dr. Pierre Simon in Histoire et philosophie du contrôle des naissances. The response of the Papacy to the arrival of vaccination in Italy has been documented in Pratique de la vaccination antivariolique dans les provinces de l’État pontifical au 19ème siècle, an article written by Yves-Marie Bercé and Jean-Claude Otteni for Revue d’Histoire Ecclésiastique.^[22] According to Bercé and Otteni, the biographers and contemporaries of Leo XII do not mention any interdict. The authors credit the origin of the mythical vaccination ban of Leo XII to the personality of Cardinal della Genga when he became pope in 1823. ”

X Roman Catholic Church says there has been no errors. The job of the Magisterium is to prevent us from falling into error. With this, through the help of the Holy Spirit, they have done an outstanding job! The Church over its 2,000 year history has yet to fall into error and will not because of the promise from Christ (Matthew 16:18). See https://www.youtube.com/shorts/e-FcHzXDp5o for more info.

Yet, why was Pope Honorius (626 A.D.) condemned by the Council of Constantinople as a heretic because he was a Eutychian, who taught there was only one nature of Christ. Was it the magisterium through the Pope that fell into error, or the magisterium official Church council that fell into error? Why was Pope Formosus’s (891-896 A.D.) exhumed after he died and his cadaver was put on trial for heresy and convicted.

Caius (190-217 A.D.) wrote, “For they say that all those of the first age, and the apostles themselves, both received and taught those things which these men now maintain; and that the truth of Gospel preaching was preserved until the times of Victor, who was the thirteenth bishop in Rome from Peter, and that from his successor Zephyrinus the truth was falsified.”

In Africa in 2009 Pope Benedict XVI continued the church’s ban on condoms, even to fight HIV/AIDS.

Pope Francis “asked in 2013 about rumours surrounding a priest working at the Vatican being gay, Francis famously responded: ‘If a person is gay and is seeking the ‌Lord and has good will, who am I to judge them?’” https://www.aol.com/news/archbishop-praises-popes-anti-war-111930827.html Apr. 27, 2026

“He [Pope Leo XIV] said he supported a landmark 2023 decision by the late Pope Francis allowing pastors to give blessings to same-sex couples informally, outside of a ritual service, and on a case-by-case basis.” https://www.aol.com/news/archbishop-praises-popes-anti-war-111930827.html Apr. 27, 2026

Pre-Nicene Differences on Popes Grid – May 2026

		Legend for Cells
Po1. Christ is the Rock, no mention of Peter	Po7. Ex-Cathedra statements are infallible	W = wrote explicitly on this
Po2. Only Peter is the rock/holds the keys to heaven	Po8. Pope is Pontifex Maximus or His Holiness	I = Implied
Po3.Roman Pope	Po9. Kiss the Pope’s ring	m = Mixed or Inconsistent
Po4. Popes in other cities too	Po10. Pope opens a special door once every 25 years	P = partial
Po5. Papal succession of the Pope of Rome	Di26. Bishop of Rome has officially been wrong	- = no reference found
Po6. Pope only infallible interpreter of Scripture		X = Disagree

Rows: white=Christian writer, orange=schism, pink=strange writer

Christian writer	Pages	Date A.D.	Po	Po	Po	Po	Po	Po	Po	Po	Po	Po	Di
Christian writer	Pages	Date A.D.	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	26
Clement of Rome (wrote 1 Clement)	16.25	96/98	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Papias of Hierapolis, disciple of John	2	95-110	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
“Presbyters” (Papias?)	0.5	-95-117	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Ignatius disciple of John (shortest version)	13	c.100-117	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Didache (=Teaching of the Twelve Apostles)	4.75	c.60-120	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Apology of Aristides (Greek version)	4	125-161	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Quadratus of Athens fragment (apologist)	.125	126	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Epistle of Barnabas	12.5	c.70-130	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
2 Clement (anonymous writer)	5.75	120-140	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Polycarp to the Philippians	3.5	100-155	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Mathetes to Diognetus – teaching a disciple	5.25	c.130-200	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Apostolic fathers totals: all symbols except P	67.5	-155	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Shepherd of Hermas (= Hermas, = The Pastor)	46.5	c.115-155	W	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Justin Martyr, philosopher, apologist	116.5	c.138-165	W	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Evarestus Martyrdom of Polycarp	5	c.169	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Tatian's Diatessaron	86	c.172	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Christians of Vienna and Lugdunum (Lyons)	6.5	177	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Athenagoras (apologist)	33.5	177	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Melito/Meleto of Sardis (Quartodecimian)	11	170-177	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Hegesippus (chronicler)	2.5	170-180	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Theophilus of Antioch (to Autolycus)	32	168-181/188	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Irenaeus of Lyons, disciple of Polycarp	284.75	182-188	W	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Passion of the Scillitan Martyrs -died 180 A.D.	0.75	180-202	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Caius and the Muratorian Canon (Latin)	3	190-217	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	W
Passion of Perpetua and Felicitas	7	c.201/205	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Serapion of Antioch -against Marcion, Montanists	1.333	191/200-210	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
The Octavius of Minucius Felix	25	210 A.D.	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Clement of Alexandria	389	193-202	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Tertullian	891	198-220	W	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	I
Hippolytus, pupil of Irenaeus (undisputed)	218	222-235/236	-	X	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	W
Theodotus the probable Montanist	7.75	ca.240	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Instructions of Commodianus	16	ca.240	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Julius Africanus (undisputed writings)	9	232-245	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Martyrdom of the Holy Martyrs	1.5	< 250	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Origen (heterodox teacher)	1005.15	225-253/254	W	m	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Novatian (his schism lasted over 200 years)	38.5	250/254-257	-	-	-	-	X	-	-	-	-	-	I
Treatise Against Novatian	6.5	254-256	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Treatise on Rebaptism	11	c.250-258	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Cyprian of Carthage (against Novatian)	250.5	c.246-258	m	W	X	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Roman church leaders (letters 2,29,30)	1+4.75	250-251	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Lucian et al. (letters 16, 21)	.875	250-251	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Moyses, et al. to Cyprian (letter 25)	2.5	250	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Maximus, et al. to Cyprian (letter 49)	0.25	c.246-256	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Firmilian of Caesarea to Cyprian (letter74)	7.25	256	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Seventh Council of Carthage (85 bishops)	7.25	258	P	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Pontius’ The Life and Passion of Cyprian	7.5	258	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Theognostus of Alexandria (Origenist)	0.5	260	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Gregory Thaumaturgus (undisputed works)	28.5	240-265	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Dionysius of Alexandria (Origenist)	39.5	246-265	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Malchion (Against Paul of Samosata)	0.25	270	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Pierius of Alexandria (fragment)	0.5	275	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Adamantius Dialog on the True Faith in God	42	c.300	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Arnobius Against the Heathen (undisputed)	126.5	297-303	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Victorinus of Petau, Austria –commentator	18.5	-304	W	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Phileas of Thmuis/Tmai, Egyptian Delta	2.5	306/307	-	W	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Pamphilus disciple of Pierius (Origenist)	2.75	309	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Creed of Lucian of Antioch	0.3	c.300-311	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Peter of Alexandria (undisputed)	8.5	306-311	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Hesychius [Egypt],Pachomius,Phileas,Theodorus	1	-311	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Methodius (corrected Origen’s followers)	79.5	270-311/312	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Council of Arles I, France. 26-44 bishops.	0.333	Aug. 314	-	-	W	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Council of Neocaesarea (Basil and c.19 others).	1.333	c.315	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Martyrdom of Habib the Deacon by Theophilus	5.5	event c.315	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Athanasius Against the Heathen & Incarnation	56	318	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Lactantius, tutor of Constantine’s son	305.5	303-325	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Alexander of Alexandria-Origenist, undisputed	11.5	313-326	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Eusebius of Caesarea	1055.4	318-325	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
24 others	46.61	170-325	-	-	-	W	W	-	-	-	-	-	-
92 Christian writer totals: all symbols except P’s + Eusebius of Caesarea prior to 325 A.D.	4425+ 1055.4	up to 325:	6.5-1.5	2.5-1.5	1-1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	4-0
Christian writer	Pages	Date A.D.	Po	Po	Po	Po	Po	Po	Po	Po	Po	Po	Di
Christian writer	Pages	Date A.D.	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	26